The Electric Shock Questions
Doctor: Low-level current can hurt humans
High-voltage direct current - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Monitoring of Ongoing Research on the Health Effects of High Voltage ...
High voltage: Definition from Answers.com
Electric power transmission - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Duane A. Dahlberg, Ground Currents, Stray Voltage
High-voltage direct current: Definition from Answers.com
Near ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwave, radio waves, and LF low frequency RF (longwave) are all examples of non-ionizing radiation. In 2002, the International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC) designated EMF as a possible human carcinogen Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has been linked to a variety of adverse health outcomes. The health endpoints that have been reported to be associated with ELF and/or RF include childhood leukemia, adult brain tumors, childhood brain tumors, genotoxic effects (DNA damage and micronucleation), neurological effects and neurodegenerative disease(ALZEIHMERS), immune system disregulation, allergic and inflammatory responses, breast cancer in men and women, miscarriage and some cardiovascular effects. Effects are not specifically segregated for ELF or RF, since many overlapping exposures occur in daily life; and because this is an artificial division based on frequencies as defined in physics that has little bearing on the biological effects. Both ELF and RF, for example have been shown to cause cells to generate stress proteins, a universal sign of distress in plant, animal and human cells.(SCENIHR, 2007; Jarosinska and Gee, 2007)Differences in exposure patterns between infants, children and adults; 2) special susceptibilities of infants and children to the effects of EMF; and 3) interactions between chemical contaminants and EMF are lacking; as are studies on chronic exposure for both children and adults. There is reason to believe that children may be more susceptible to the effects of EMF exposure since they are growing, their rate of cellular activity and division is more rapid, and they may be more at risk for DNA damage and subsequent cancers. Growth and development of the central nervous system is still occurring well into the teenage years so that neurological changes may be of great importance to normal development, cognition, learning, and behavior. Prenatal exposure to EMF have been identified as possible risk factor for childhood leukemia. 50-60Hz ELF and RF EMFs.The utility frequency (American English) or mains frequency (British English) is the frequency at which alternating current (AC) is transmitted from a power plant to the end user. In most parts of the world this is 50 Hz, although in the Americas it is typically 60 Hz. There have been several meta-analyses of the childhood leukemia data (Wartenberg, 1998; Greenland et al., 2000; Ahlbom et al., 2000). All have concluded that there is a significant association between residential exposure to magnetic fields and elevated risk of leukemia in children. Greenland et al. (2000) performed a meta-analysis of 15 studies of magnetic field or wire code investigations of childhood leukemia, and calculated the attributable fraction of cases of childhood leukemia from residential magnetic field exposure in the US was 3%. . A very recent study by Lowenthal et al. (2007) investigated leukemia in adults in relation to residence near to high-voltage power lines. While they found elevated risk in all adults living near to the high voltage power lines, they found an OR of 3.23 (95% CI = 1.26-8.29) for individuals who spent the first 15 years of life within 300 m of the power line. This study provides support for two important conclusions: adult leukemia is also associated with EMF exposure, and exposure during childhood increases risk of adult disease. Thus protecting children from exposure should be a priority.Lowenthal (2007) reported that children raised for the first five years in home environments exposed to EMF within 300 meters of a high voltage power line have a five-fold (a 500 percent increased risk of developing some kinds of cancers sometime in later life. For children from newborn to 15 years of age; it is a three-fold risk of developing cancer later in life (Lowenthal et al., 2007). Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimers Disease and ALS Evidence for a relationship between exposure and the neurodegenerative disease Alzheimers and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is strong and relatively consistWhile not every publication shows a statistically significant relationship between exposure and disease, ORs of 2.3 (95% CI = 1.0-5.1 in Qio et al., 2004), of 2.3 (95% 1.6-3.3 in Feychting et al., 2003) and of 4.0 (95% CI = 1.4-11.7 in Hakansson et 2003) for Alzheimers Disease.
Embedded.com - Understand low-side vs. high-side current sensing
WHO | Electromagnetic fields and public health: extremely low frequency ...
0 ความคิดเห็น:
แสดงความคิดเห็น